[91] The town of Bristol itself proved too strong for him, and Stephen contented himself with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area. Henry had increased the authority and capabilities of the central royal administration, often bringing in "new men" to fulfil key positions rather than using the established nobility. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the church being "governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre" and established "its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft. [11], Stephen's early life was heavily influenced by his relationship with his uncle Henry I. Henry seized power in England following the death of his elder brother William Rufus. [125] He then left behind some forces to blockade the castle and continued west into Wiltshire to attack Trowbridge Castle, taking the castles of South Cerney and Malmesbury en route. [135] Robert and Ranulf's forces had superiority in cavalry and Stephen dismounted many of his own knights to form a solid infantry block; he joined them himself, fighting on foot in the battle. [216] Meanwhile, Stephen's brother Henry of Blois and Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury were for once unified in an effort to broker a permanent peace between the two sides, putting pressure on Stephen to accept a deal. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. The nature of Henry's administration and the links between England and Normandy have been hotly debated by historians. WebStephen Hawking. [161] Oxford Castle, however, was a powerful fortress and, rather than storming it, Stephen had to settle down for a long siege, albeit secure in the knowledge that Matilda was now surrounded. His wife Matilda was sent to Kent with ships and resources from Boulogne, with the task of retaking the key port of Dover, under Robert's control. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions. He had made a private deal with the Empress Matilda that he would deliver the support of the church, if she agreed to give him control over church business in England. [19] Stephen and his older brother Theobald were comprehensively beaten in the subsequent campaign, which culminated in the Battle of Alenon, and the territories were not recovered. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . [83] The Norman forces then deserted Stephen, forcing the King to give up his campaign. [10] Unusually, Stephen was raised in his mother's household rather than being sent to a close relative; he was taught Latin and riding, and was educated in recent history and Biblical stories by his tutor, William the Norman. [66] An agreement was made under which David would return most of the territory he had taken, with the exception of Carlisle. [153] The Queen appears to have generated genuine sympathy and support from Stephen's more loyal followers. [37] Stephen also had a personal Augustinian confessor appointed to him by the Archbishop of Canterbury, who implemented a penitential regime for him, and Stephen encouraged the new order of Cistercians to form abbeys on his estates, winning him additional allies within the church. He's a devoted Christian and is very passionate about his beliefs while keeping an open mind. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. David Carpenter and R. Davis, however, observe that Stephen had ended up breaking his promises to the Church, was forced to appear before a church court, and damaged his relationship with Henry of Blois, which would have grave implications in 1141. [197], Stephen's relationship with the church deteriorated badly towards the end of his reign. [57] Theobald then agreed to the Normans' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen, who subsequently financially compensated Theobald, who in return remained in Blois and supported his brother's succession. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which his personality, external events, or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war. [46], Theobald met with the Norman barons and Robert of Gloucester at Lisieux on 21 December. [202] Stephen also cut his links to the Cistercian order, and turned instead to the Cluniacs, of which Henry was a member. [87], Stephen's first few years as king can be interpreted in different ways. [124] Stephen started by attacking Wallingford Castle, held by the Empress's childhood friend Brien FitzCount, only to find it too well defended. [223], Certainly many problems remained to be resolved, including re-establishing royal authority over the provinces and resolving the complex issue of which barons should control the contested lands and estates after the long civil war. Kenji Yoshitake represents the current academic consensus when he notes that the impact of the arrests "was not serious", placing the beginning of the disintegration of the royal government at the subsequent battle of Lincoln. 94, 115; Barlow, p. 162. These armies, however, were ill-suited to besieging castles, whether the older motte-and-bailey designs or the newer, stone-built keeps. [146], Once news of Stephen's capture reached him, Geoffrey of Anjou invaded Normandy again and, in the absence of Waleran of Beaumont, who was still fighting in England, Geoffrey took all the duchy south of the river Seine and east of the river Risle. [31], Henry attempted to build up a base of political support for Matilda in both England and Normandy, demanding that his court take oaths first in 1127, and then again in 1128 and 1131, to recognise Matilda as his immediate successor and recognise her descendants as the rightful rulers after her. (2001) "Kingship, usurpation and propaganda in twelfth century Europe: the case of Stephen", This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 01:15. (eds) (2001), Rielly, Edward J. Neither mission was particularly successful, and by the end of 1137 the King appears to have abandoned attempts to put down the rebellion. [174] Miles of Gloucester, one of the most talented Angevin commanders, had died whilst hunting over the previous Christmas, relieving some of the pressure in the west. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! Existing siege engines were significantly less powerful than the later trebuchet designs, giving defenders a substantial advantage over attackers. Writing Medieval Biography, 7501250: Essays in Honour of Professor Frank Barlow. The events in Normandy are less well recorded than elsewhere, and the exact sequence of events less certain. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . Their discussions were interrupted by the sudden news from England that Stephen's coronation was to occur the next day. 159160; Chibnall, pp. [164] Stephen valued William's loyalty sufficiently to agree to exchange Sherborne Castle for his safe releasethis was one of the few instances where Stephen was prepared to give up a castle to ransom one of his men. [224] Stephen burst into activity in early 1154, travelling around the kingdom extensively. [40] The landless Flemish nobleman William of Ypres had joined Stephen's household in 1133. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. Watch Now. King (2010), pp. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. [24][nb 5], With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! [219] Stephen and Henry sealed the treaty with a kiss of peace in the cathedral. (1992) "Financing Stephen's War,", Helmerichs, Robert. [123] Although there had been few new defections to the Empress, his enemies now controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south-west into Devon and Cornwall, west into the Welsh Marches and east as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. [160] Oxford was a secure town, protected by walls and the river Isis, but Stephen led a sudden attack across the river, leading the charge and swimming part of the way. Aubrey threatened that Stephen would complain to the pope that he was being harassed by the English church, and the council let the matter rest following an unsuccessful appeal to Rome. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. [24] Despite the King taking a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, it became increasingly unlikely that he would have another legitimate son, and he instead looked to Matilda as his intended heir. [233] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was past its prime by the time of Stephen but is remembered for its striking account of conditions during "the Anarchy". 1 SEASON. [204][nb 23] At the end of 1148, Stephen and Theobald came to a temporary compromise that allowed Theobald to return to England. [226], After Stephen's death, Henry II succeeded to the throne of England. [119] He also faced a military dilemma at Arundelthe castle was considered almost impregnable, and he may have been worried that he was tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". [114][nb 15], The Angevin invasion finally arrived in 1139. Modern historians, such as Edmund King, doubt that Hugh Bigod was being truthful in his account. [139] Finally, he was overwhelmed by Robert's men and taken away from the field in custody. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". Stephen and his supporters appear in Ellis Peters' historical detective series The Cadfael Chronicles, set between 1137 and 1145. [41], Stephen's younger brother, Henry of Blois, had also risen to power under Henry I. Henry of Blois had become a Cluniac monk and followed Stephen to England, where the King made him Abbot of Glastonbury, the richest abbey in England. [66], Returning south, Stephen held his first royal court at Easter 1136. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the [22] Stephen had intended to sail on the same ship but changed his mind at the last moment and got off to await another vessel, either out of concern for overcrowding on board the ship, or because he was suffering from diarrhoea. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 1520. [160] In September, he spotted an opportunity to seize the Empress Matilda herself in Oxford. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 10421216. Adela was one of the major reasons for Stephen-Henry deciding to return to the Levant in 1101; Edmund King notes that she gave her husband "very active encouragement" to return; Stephen's brother William was described by chroniclers as being "deficient in intelligence second rate"; he also took a strange oath in, Contemporary chroniclers varied in their explanation for Stephen's absence from the, There has been extensive speculation as to the cause of the sinking of the. [52] Henry was also able to persuade Hugh Bigod, the late King's royal steward, to swear that the King had changed his mind about the succession on his deathbed, nominating Stephen instead. WebWhat does Stephen mean? In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [25] In the middle of this confrontation, Henry unexpectedly fell ill and died near Lyons-la-Fort. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. [46] Stephen, however, was in Boulogne, and when news reached him of Henry's death he left for England, accompanied by his military household. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. Placed into the court of his uncle Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. 280283; Bradbury pp. [23][nb 4] The ship foundered en route, and all but two of the passengers died, including William Adelin. Henry asserted the Church's right to investigate and judge all charges against members of the clergy. [236] Later chronicles written during the reign of Henry II were generally more negative: Walter Map, for example, described Stephen as "a fine knight, but in other respects almost a fool". [232] Henry of Huntingdon, who lived in the east of England, produced the Historia Anglorum that provides a regional account of the reign. Keith Stringer argues that Stephen "was surely right" to seize the castles, and that the act was a "calculated display of royal masterfulness"; Jim Bradbury and Frank Barlow praise the military soundness of the tactic. [176] In the north, Stephen came to a fresh agreement with Ranulf of Chester, but then in 1146 repeated the ruse he had played on Geoffrey de Mandeville in 1143, first inviting Ranulf to court, before arresting him and threatening to execute him unless he handed over a number of castles, including Lincoln and Coventry. [213], In the aftermath of Wallingford, Stephen and Henry spoke together privately about a potential end to the war; Stephen's son Eustace, however, was furious about the peaceful outcome at Wallingford. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. [212] Upon news of this, Stephen gathered up a large force and marched from Oxford, and the two sides confronted each other across the River Thames at Wallingford in July. Stephen was heavily influenced by his principal advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, the twin brother of Robert of Leicester. Geoffrey and Matilda were in Anjou, rather awkwardly supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army, which included a number of Matilda's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester. [209] Despite only modest military successes, Henry and his allies now controlled the south-west, the Midlands and much of the north of England. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. Geoffrey of Anjou invaded in early 1136 and, after a temporary truce, invaded later the same year, raiding and burning estates rather than trying to hold the territory. [158] Possibly this illness was the result of his imprisonment the previous year, but he finally recovered and travelled north to raise new forces and to successfully convince Ranulf of Chester to change sides once again. From stephanos. The character was portrayed by Justine Lupe in the Audience show Mr. Mercedes and by Cynthia Erivo in the HBO series The Outsider. [163] 1143 started precariously for Stephen when he was besieged by Robert of Gloucester at Wilton Castle, an assembly point for royal forces in Herefordshire. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". [130] In an effort to negotiate a truce, Henry of Blois held a peace conference at Bath, to which Stephen sent his wife. Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France. He was Count of Boulogne jure uxoris from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 until 1144. [68] Stephen issued a new royal charter, confirming the promises he had made to the church, promising to reverse Henry I's policies on the royal forests and to reform any abuses of the royal legal system. His prestige and power increased further when he unexpectedly married the attractive Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, the recently divorced wife of Louis VII, in 1152. David Crouch argues that in fact it was the royalist weakness in infantry that caused their failure at Lincoln, proposing the city militia was not as capable as Robert's Welsh infantry. Historians, Economists, and Economic History. [90] An illegitimate son of Henry I and the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, Robert was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, controlling estates in Normandy. [39] His wife, Matilda, played a major role in running their vast English estates, which contributed to the couple being the second-richest lay household in the country after the King and Queen. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. Barlow, pp. [104][nb 13] He appears to have had several objectives in mind, including both ensuring the loyalty of his key supporters by granting them these honours, and improving his defences in key parts of the kingdom. He was also "full of Gods grace and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people" (Acts 6:8). 5455. WebWhat does Stephen mean? [53] Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. The King gave Eustace the County of Boulogne in 1147, but it remained unclear whether Eustace would inherit England. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. [116][nb 16] The Empress stayed at Arundel Castle, whilst Robert marched north-west to Wallingford and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with Miles of Gloucester, a capable military leader who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the King. [13], Henry responded by forming a network of alliances with the western counties of France against Louis, resulting in a regional conflict that would last throughout Stephen's early life. Cultural depictions of Stephen, King of England, Review of King Stephen, (review no. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. (1990) "The End of Stephen's Reign,", Yoshitake, Kenji. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. [29] At the same time, tensions continued to grow as a result of Henry's domestic policies, in particular the high level of revenue he was raising to pay for his various wars. The papacy named Henry papal legate, possibly as consolation for not receiving Canterbury. [61] The extent to which lands and positions should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain, and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. [172] By this point in the war, Stephen was depending increasingly on his immediate royal household, such as William of Ypres and others, and lacked the support of the major barons who might have been able to provide him with significant additional forces; after the events of 1141, Stephen made little use of his network of earls. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. [14], Henry became a powerful patron of Stephen, and probably chose to support him because Stephen was part of his extended family and a regional ally, yet not sufficiently wealthy or powerful in his own right to represent a threat to either the King or his heir, William Adelin. Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. Stephen Colbert brings his signature satire and comedy to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the #1 show in late night, where he talks with an eclectic mix of guests about what is new and relevant in the worlds of politics, entertainment, business, music, technology and more. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. [109] These bishops were powerful landowners as well as ecclesiastical rulers, and they had begun to build new castles and increase the size of their military forces, leading Stephen to suspect that they were about to defect to the Empress Matilda. [53] David I of Scotland invaded the north on the news of Henry's death, taking Carlisle, Newcastle and other key strongholds. WebStephen Announces New Book on Podcast. [100] The King took the opportunity of his military advantage to forge a peace agreement with Scotland. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. He also worked with space-time singularities. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial landsusually considered to be the most valuableand younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. Stephen responded by seizing his personal wealth, which caused some discontent amongst the senior clergy. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [52][nb 6] Stephen's coronation was held a week later at Westminster Abbey on 22 December. He was extremely wealthy, well-mannered and liked by his peers; he was also considered a man capable of firm action. [162], The war between the two sides in England reached a stalemate in the mid-1140s, while Geoffrey of Anjou consolidated his hold on power in Normandy. [92] In 1138, Robert renounced his fealty to Stephen and declared his support for Matilda, triggering a major regional rebellion in Kent and across the south-west of England, although Robert himself remained in Normandy. [240] Stubbs' analysis, focusing on the disorder of the period, influenced his student John Round to coin the term "the Anarchy" to describe the period, a label that, whilst sometimes critiqued, continues to be used today. 164165; Crouch (1998), p. 258. Some historians, including David Crouch and Helmerichs, argue that Theobald and Stephen had probably already made a private deal to seize the throne when Henry died. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. [27] Matilda claimed the title of Holy Roman Empress through her marriage to Emperor Henry V, but her husband died in 1125, and she was remarried in 1128 to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, whose lands bordered the Duchy of Normandy. [164] Stephen attempted to break out and escape, resulting in the battle of Wilton. The royal control over the minting of coins broke down, leading to coins being struck by local barons and bishops across the country. 189190; Barlow, pp. [91] Robert had tried to convince Theobald to take the throne in 1135; he did not attend Stephen's first court in 1136 and it took several summonses to convince him to attend court at Oxford later that year. King, Edmund. [198] The reforming movement within the church, which advocated greater autonomy from royal authority for the clergy, had continued to grow, while new voices such as the Cistercians had gained additional prestige within the monastic orders, eclipsing older orders such as the Cluniacs. [180] The royal forest law had collapsed in large parts of the country. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [240], Stephen remains a popular subject for historical study: David Crouch suggests that after King John he is "arguably the most written-about medieval king of England". Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephen's second son. [149] Many started to leave Stephen's faction. [3][nb 3] Stephen's remaining older brother, Odo, died young, probably in his early teens. [156], At the beginning of 1142 Stephen fell ill, and by Easter rumours had begun to circulate that he had died. The spelling as From stephanos. [100], Stephen's military campaign in England had progressed well, and historian David Crouch describes it as "a military achievement of the first rank". Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent [185] Surprisingly, Stephen himself ended up paying their costs, allowing Henry to return home safely; his reasons for doing so are unclear. [18] Stephen was also given lands in Alenon in southern Normandy by Henry, but the local Normans rebelled, seeking assistance from Fulk IV, Count of Anjou. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. [209] In the face of the increasingly wintry weather, Stephen agreed to a temporary truce and returned to London, leaving Henry to travel north through the Midlands where the powerful Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, announced his support for the Angevin cause. [4], His younger brother, Henry of Blois, was probably born four years after him. [243] Modern historians vary in their assessments of Stephen as a king. In June 1139, Stephen held his court in Oxford, where a fight between Alan of Brittany and Roger's men broke out, an incident probably deliberately created by Stephen. [208] Stephen's castle at Malmesbury was besieged by Henry's forces, and the King responded by marching west with an army to relieve it. Theobald was appointed a papal legate in 1151, adding to his authority. Stephen Colbert brings his signature satire and comedy to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the #1 show in late night, where he talks with an eclectic mix of guests about what is new and relevant in the worlds of politics, entertainment, business, music, technology and more. Helmerichs, pp. He was also "full of Gods grace and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people" (Acts 6:8). They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent [43] The Norman kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power and autonomy over the church within their territories. [2], During the First Crusade, Stephen-Henry had acquired a reputation for cowardice, and he returned to the Levant again in 1101 to rebuild his reputation; there he was killed at the battle of Ramlah. Henry vigorously re-established royal authority in the aftermath of the civil war, dismantling castles and increasing revenues, although several of these trends had begun under Stephen. [101] Ranulf had previously claimed that he had the rights to Lincoln Castle, held by Stephen, and under the guise of a social visit, Ranulf seized the fortification in a surprise attack. [161] Just before Christmas, the Empress left the castle unobserved, crossed the icy river on foot and made her escape to Wallingford. [181] The previously centralised royal coinage system was fragmented, with Stephen, the Empress and local lords all minting their own coins. He was known for his qualities as a statesman, his military experience, and leadership ability. Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. [25] The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty yearsWilliam the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. [199] The row between Henry and Bernard grew increasingly personal, and Henry used his authority as legate to appoint his nephew William of York to the post in 1144 only to find that, when Pope Innocent II died in 1145, Bernard was able to get the appointment rejected by Rome. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. [128] Nigel hoped to seize East Anglia and established his base of operations in the Isle of Ely, then surrounded by protective fenland. Carpenter, p. 173; Davis, p. 68; Crouch (2008b), p. 47. [54][nb 7], Meanwhile, the Norman nobility gathered at Le Neubourg to discuss declaring Theobald king, probably following the news that Stephen was gathering support in England. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. Historian David Crouch suggests that Stephen effectively "bowed out of Wales" around this time to concentrate on his other problems. [63][nb 9], Stephen had to intervene in the north of England immediately after his coronation. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [227] The destruction of castles under Henry was not as dramatic as once thought, and although he restored royal revenues, the economy of England remained broadly unchanged under both rulers. Certainly lands in Normandy, passed by hereditary right, were usually considered more important to major barons than those in England, where their possession was less certain. David of Scotland also invaded the north of England once again, announcing that he was supporting the claim of his niece the Empress Matilda to the throne, pushing south into Yorkshire. [175] Geoffrey de Mandeville's rebellion continued until September 1144, when he died during an attack on Burwell. Opinions vary over the degree to which Stephen's acquisition of power resembled a coup. Barlow, pp. [187] Geoffrey and Matilda's son, the future King Henry II of England, mounted a small mercenary invasion of England in 1147 but the expedition failed, not least because Henry lacked the funds to pay his men. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. Bradbury, p. 183; King (2010), p. 277; Crouch (2002), p. 276. For his father, the Crusader, see. An argument then broke out between a group of reformers based in York and backed by Bernard of Clairvaux, the head of the Cistercian order, who preferred William of Rievaulx as the new archbishop, and Stephen and his brother Henry, who preferred various Blois family relatives. [189] The Angevin plan involved Ranulf agreeing to give up his claim to Carlisle, held by the Scots, in return for being given the rights to the whole of the Honour of Lancaster; Ranulf would give homage to both David and Henry FitzEmpress, with Henry having seniority. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. [145] When Matilda advanced to London in an effort to stage her coronation in June, though, she faced an uprising by the local citizens in support of Stephen that forced her to flee to Oxford, uncrowned. [110] Stephen responded by demanding that Roger and the other bishops surrender all of their castles in England. [213] As a result, instead of a battle ensuing, members of the church brokered a truce, to the annoyance of both Stephen and Henry. Baldwin de Redvers crossed over from Normandy to Wareham in August in an initial attempt to capture a port to receive the Empress Matilda's invading army, but Stephen's forces forced him to retreat into the south-west. [14] Henry fought his next military campaign in Normandy, from 1111 onwards, where rebels led by Robert of Bellme were opposing his rule. 50m. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. [249] In contrast, he is depicted unsympathetically in both Ken Follett's historical novel The Pillars of the Earth and the TV mini-series adapted from it. Several of the key chronicles were written in the south-west of England, including the Gesta Stephani, or "Acts of Stephen", and William of Malmesbury's Historia Novella, or "New History". WebWhat does Stephen mean? They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent [192][nb 22], Although still young, Henry was increasingly gaining a reputation as an energetic and capable leader. [77], The security of Normandy was also a concern. [98] In response to the revolts and invasions, he rapidly undertook several military campaigns, focusing primarily on England rather than Normandy. [45] Stephen's elder brother Theobald was further south still, in Blois. [79] Stephen himself only returned to the duchy in 1137, where he met with Louis VI and Theobald to agree to an informal regional alliance, probably brokered by Henry, to counter the growing Angevin power in the region. His father died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by his mother. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . [62] In the process he had been able to maximise revenues and contain expenditures, resulting in a healthy surplus and a famously large treasury, but also increasing political tensions. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. [203], Nonetheless, the pressure on Stephen to get Eustace confirmed as his legitimate heir continued to grow. Robert of Gloucester and the Empress besieged Henry in the city of Winchester in July. [56] The Normans argued that the count, as the more senior grandson of William the Conqueror, had the most valid claim over the kingdom and the duchy, and was certainly preferable to Matilda. [17] In 1113, Stephen was granted both the title and the honour, although without the lands previously held by William in England. [52], Furthermore, the late King had only insisted on that oath to protect the stability of the kingdom, and in light of the chaos that might now ensue, Stephen would be justified in ignoring it. [99] Dover finally surrendered to the queen's forces later in the year. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. [94] Unfortunately, the powerful Ranulf I, Earl of Chester, considered himself to hold the traditional rights to Carlisle and Cumberland and was extremely displeased to see them being given to the Scots. The early years of Stephen's reign were largely successful, despite a series of attacks on his possessions in England and Normandy by David I of Scotland, Welsh rebels, and the Empress Matilda's husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. R. Davis and W. L. Warren argue that the typical earldom involved the delegation of considerable royal powers; Keith Stringer and Judith Green capture the current consensus that the degree of delegated powers followed the degree of threat, and that perhaps less powers in total were delegated than once thought. [156] Henry held another church council, which this time reaffirmed Stephen's legitimacy to rule, and a fresh coronation of Stephen and Matilda occurred at Christmas 1141. [67] A wide range of nobles gathered at Westminster for the event, including many of the Anglo-Norman barons and most of the higher officials of the church. [94] Despite this victory, however, David still occupied most of the north. The Beaumont Twins: The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century. [171] In the west, Robert of Gloucester and his followers continued to raid the surrounding royalist territories, and Wallingford Castle remained a secure Angevin stronghold, too close to London for comfort. [138] Robert and Ranulf's cavalry encircled Stephen's centre, and the King found himself surrounded by the enemy army. [227] Stephen's son William was confirmed as the Earl of Surrey by Henry, and prospered under the new regime, with the occasional point of tension with Henry. [82] Stephen formed an army to retake it, but the frictions between his Flemish mercenary forces led by William of Ypres and the local Norman barons resulted in a battle between the two halves of his army. War and society in medieval and early modern Britain. [120] Another theory is that Stephen released Matilda out of a sense of chivalry; he was certainly known for having a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare. [133] Stephen returned to London but received news that Ranulf, his brother and their family were relaxing in Lincoln Castle with a minimal guard force, a ripe target for a surprise attack of his own. [147] No help was forthcoming from Stephen's brother Theobald this time either, who appears to have been preoccupied with his own problems with Francethe new French king, Louis VII, had rejected his father's regional alliance, improving relations with Anjou and taking a more bellicose line with Theobald, which would result in war the following year. After the Welsh victory at the battle of Llwchwr in January 1136 and the successful ambush of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare in April, south Wales rose in rebellion, starting in east Glamorgan and rapidly spreading across the rest of south Wales during 1137. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. (Official Music Video) Stephen Sharer 9.25M subscribers Subscribe 192K Share Save 32M views 3 years ago MORE MUSIC VIDEOS!! [206] Stephen then made a fresh attempt to have Eustace crowned at Easter 1152, gathering his nobles to swear fealty to Eustace, and then insisting that Theobald and his bishops anoint him king. [180] Numerous "adulterine", or unauthorised, castles had been built as bases for local lordsthe chronicler Robert of Torigny complained that as many as 1,115 such castles had been built during the conflict, although this was probably an exaggeration as elsewhere he suggested an alternative figure of 126. [201], Stephen was furious over what he saw as potentially precedent-setting papal interference in his royal authority, and initially refused to allow Murdac into England. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. [248] Peters' depiction of Stephen's reign is an essentially local narrative, focused on the town of Shrewsbury and its environs. [95] The armies of the period centred on bodies of mounted, armoured knights, supported by infantry and crossbowmen. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. [215], Fighting continued after Wallingford, but in a rather half-hearted fashion. Ranulf of Chester revolted once again in the summer of 1144, splitting up Stephen's Honour of Lancaster between himself and Prince Henry. King (2010), pp. Stephen was born in the County of Blois in central France as the fourth son of Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [171] As with Geoffrey, the moment Ranulf was released he immediately rebelled, but the situation was a stalemate: Stephen had few forces in the north with which to prosecute a fresh campaign, whilst Ranulf lacked the castles to support an attack on Stephen. This threat was backed up by the arrest of the bishops, with the exception of Nigel who had taken refuge in Devizes Castle; the bishop only surrendered after Stephen besieged the castle and threatened to execute Roger le Poer. Ken Follett: The Transformation of a Writer. [248] Peters paints Stephen as a tolerant man and a reasonable ruler, despite his execution of the Shrewsbury defenders after the taking of the city in 1138. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features [118] Stephen promptly moved south, besieging Arundel and trapping Matilda inside the castle. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [93] In France, Geoffrey of Anjou took advantage of the situation by re-invading Normandy. [207] When Theobald refused yet again, Stephen and Eustace imprisoned both him and the bishops and refused to release them unless they agreed to crown Eustace. [161] Once on the other side, the King and his men stormed into the town, trapping the Empress in the castle. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. The character was portrayed by Justine Lupe in the Audience show Mr. Mercedes and by Cynthia Erivo in the HBO series The Outsider. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). [210], Over the summer, Stephen intensified the long-running siege of Wallingford Castle in a final attempt to take this major Angevin stronghold. [78] In 1136, Archbishop of Canterbury William de Corbeil died. [232] In Normandy, Orderic Vitalis wrote his Ecclesiastical History, covering Stephen's reign until 1141, and Robert of Torigni wrote a later history of the rest of the period. [35] A fresh rebellion broke out in southern Normandy, and Geoffrey and Matilda intervened militarily on behalf of the rebels. The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime. [103] Only a handful of earldoms had existed under Henry I and these had been largely symbolic in nature. [169] With all of his other problems and with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, in open revolt in Norfolk, Stephen lacked the resources to track Geoffrey down in the Fens and made do with building a screen of castles between Ely and London, including Burwell Castle. [34] Henry angrily declined to do so, probably out of a concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy somewhat earlier than intended. [195] Stephen's second son, William, was married to the extremely wealthy heiress Isabel de Warenne. [128] Stephen responded quickly, taking an army into the fens and using boats lashed together to form a causeway that allowed him to make a surprise attack on the isle. Stephen was forced to place the castle under siege. Stephen Colbert brings his signature satire and comedy to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the #1 show in late night, where he talks with an eclectic mix of guests about what is new and relevant in the worlds of politics, entertainment, business, music, technology and more. [225] He began issuing royal writs for the south-west of England once again and travelled to York where he held a major court in an attempt to impress upon the northern barons that royal authority was being reasserted. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. King (2010), pp. [156] Instead, in November the two sides simply exchanged Robert and the King,[156] with Stephen releasing Robert on 1 November 1141. Queen Matilda gathered Stephen's remaining lieutenants around her and the royal family in the south-east, advancing into London when the population rejected the Empress. [170], For a period, the situation continued to worsen. Helmerichs, p. 137; Carpenter, pp. [113] As the papal legate, he summoned the King to appear before an ecclesiastical council to answer for the arrests and seizure of property. Medieval financial figures are notoriously hard to convert into modern currency; for comparison, 2,000 marks equated to around 1,333 in a period in which a major castle rebuilding project might cost around 1,115. [196] In 1148, Stephen built the Cluniac Faversham Abbey as a resting place for his family. [171] Meanwhile, Geoffrey of Anjou finished securing his hold on southern Normandy and in January 1144 he advanced into Rouen, the capital of the duchy, concluding his campaign. [133] Abandoning the deal he had just made, Stephen gathered his army again and sped north, but not quite fast enoughRanulf escaped Lincoln and declared his support for the Empress. King, Edmund. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England, and proposed to Henry in 1135 that the King should hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was still alive and insist on the Norman nobility swearing immediate allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a much more powerful position after Henry's death. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter [231] All of the main chronicler accounts carry significant regional biases in how they portray the disparate events. 1 SEASON. [154], The King's eventual release resulted from the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester. [128], At the start of 1140, Nigel, Bishop of Ely, whose castles Stephen had confiscated the previous year, rebelled against Stephen as well. The royal administration under Henry I had been headed by Roger, the Bishop of Salisbury, supported by Roger's nephews, Alexander and Nigel, the Bishops of Lincoln and Ely respectively, and Roger's son, Lord Chancellor Roger le Poer. [209] He unsuccessfully attempted to force Henry's smaller army to fight a decisive battle along the river Avon. [156] Further negotiations attempted to deliver a general peace agreement but the Queen was unwilling to offer any compromise to the Empress, and Robert refused to accept any offer to encourage him to change sides to Stephen. [241][nb 24] The late-Victorian scholar Frederic William Maitland also introduced the possibility that Stephen's reign marked a turning point in English legal historythe so-called "tenurial crisis". Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. Crouch (2002), p. 269; White (1998), p. 133. William's children were still fighting over the collective Anglo-Norman inheritance. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. [138] Many of his supporters, including Waleran de Beaumont and William of Ypres, fled from the field at this point but Stephen fought on, defending himself first with his sword and then, when that broke, with a borrowed battle axe. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. [91] A small number of Stephen's household knights were sent north to help the fight against the Scots, where David's forces were defeated later that year at the battle of the Standard in August by the forces of Thurstan, the Archbishop of York. [157] Stephen began re-establishing his authority. [154] In the subsequent battle the Empress's forces were defeated and Robert of Gloucester himself was taken prisoner. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. [89] Stephen was also rapidly running out of money: Henry's considerable treasury had been emptied by 1138 due to the costs of running Stephen's more lavish court and the need to raise and maintain his mercenary armies fighting in England and Normandy. Edmund King disagrees that the Empress received an invitation to. [36] Chroniclers recorded that despite his wealth and power he was a modest and easy-going leader, happy to sit with his men and servants, casually laughing and eating with them. [18] In 1127, William Clito, a potential claimant to the English throne, seemed likely to become the Count of Flanders; Stephen was sent by the King on a mission to prevent this, and in the aftermath of his successful election, William Clito attacked Stephen's lands in neighbouring Boulogne in retaliation. Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. [60] Both the kingdom and duchy were dominated by a small number of major barons who owned lands on both sides of the English Channel, with the lesser barons beneath them usually having more localised holdings. The garrison surrendered shortly afterwards, but Stephen had lost an opportunity to capture his principal opponent. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). WebText me: 7034203579 LA-based Producer/Songwriter/Musician MGMT / BOOKING / PRESS https://heroic.family/artist/stephen/ [107] With their new lands, the power of the Beamounts grew to the point where David Crouch suggests that it became "dangerous to be anything other than a friend of Waleran" at Stephen's court. [222] Stephen's middle son, Baldwin, and second daughter, Matilda, had died before 1147 and were buried at Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate. 50m. As a result, slow sieges to starve defenders out, or mining operations to undermine walls, tended to be preferred by commanders over direct assaults. [116] The following month, however, the Empress was invited by the Dowager Queen Adeliza to land at Arundel instead, and on 30 September Robert of Gloucester and the Empress arrived in England with 140 knights. Contemporary chroniclers suggested that Henry argued that it would be in Stephen's own best interests to release the Empress and concentrate instead on attacking Robert, and Stephen may have seen Robert, not the Empress, as his main opponent at this point in the conflict. 65, 6971; Carpenter, p. 124. [108], Stephen took steps to remove a group of bishops he regarded as a threat to his rule. [228] Stephen's daughter Marie I, Countess of Boulogne, also survived her father; she had been placed in a convent by Stephen, but after his death she left and married. [137] After an initial success in which William's forces destroyed the Angevins' Welsh infantry, the battle went badly for Stephen. [151], Stephen's wife Matilda played a critical part in keeping the King's cause alive during his captivity. [15] Stephen probably first visited England in either 1113 or 1115, almost certainly as part of Henry's court. Jim Bradbury provides an accessible summary of the argument as to the extent of "the Anarchy". [106] From 1138 onwards, Stephen gave them the earldoms of Worcester, Leicester, Hereford, Warwick and Pembroke, which especially when combined with the possessions of Stephen's new ally, Prince Henry, in Cumberland and Northumbria created a wide block of territory to act as a buffer zone between the troubled south-west, Chester, and the rest of the kingdom. [72] His accession to the throne still needed to be ratified by the Pope, however, and Henry of Blois appears to have been responsible for ensuring that testimonials of support were sent both from Stephen's brother Theobald and from the French king Louis VI, to whom Stephen represented a useful balance to Angevin power in the north of France. [88] There were significant underlying problems, nonetheless. [1] She had a strong matriarchal influence on Stephen during his early years. The conference collapsed over the insistence by Henry and the clergy that they should set the terms of any peace deal, which Stephen found unacceptable. WebStephen Hawking. [28] Geoffrey was unpopular with the Anglo-Norman elite: as an Angevin ruler, he was a traditional enemy of the Normans. (2000) "Stephen of Blois, count of Mortain and Boulogne". Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. [198] Stephen's dispute with the church had its origins in 1140, when Archbishop Thurstan of York died. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [12] Henry then found himself in conflict with Louis VI of France, who took the opportunity to declare Robert's son, William Clito, the Duke of Normandy. The spelling as [167] The King had disliked the Earl for several years, and provoked the conflict by summoning Geoffrey to court, where the King arrested him. Stephen was probably with Henry during the military campaign of 1112, when he was knighted by the King. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . In return, Stephen confirmed the English possessions of David's son Henry, including the Earldom of Huntingdon. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. [111] The remaining castles were then surrendered to the King. [47] Nonetheless, Stephen probably reached his own estate on the edge of London by 8 December and over the next week he began to seize power in England. [150] Waleran's twin brother, Robert of Leicester, effectively withdrew from fighting in the conflict at the same time. [133], While Stephen and his army besieged Lincoln Castle at the start of 1141, Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf of Chester advanced on the King's position with a somewhat larger force. WebText me: 7034203579 LA-based Producer/Songwriter/Musician MGMT / BOOKING / PRESS https://heroic.family/artist/stephen/ [58][nb 8], Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. [207] Theobald escaped again into temporary exile in Flanders, pursued to the coast by Stephen's knights, marking a low point in Stephen's relationship with the church. [84] He agreed to another truce with Geoffrey, promising to pay him 2,000 marks a year in exchange for peace along the Norman borders. [152] Henry's alliance with the Empress proved short-lived, as they soon fell out over political patronage and ecclesiastical policy; the bishop met the Queen at Guildford and transferred his support to her. (1994) "The Castles of the Anarchy," in King, Edmund. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. He also worked with space-time singularities. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. [200] Bernard then convinced Pope Eugene III to overturn Henry's decision altogether in 1147, deposing William, and appointing Henry Murdac as archbishop instead. From stephanos. It is possible, however, that Stephen had already begun to consider passing over Eustace's claim; historian Edmund King observes that Eustace's claim to the throne was not mentioned in the discussions at Wallingford, for example, and this may have added to his anger. 1718. [184], The character of the conflict in England gradually began to shift; as historian Frank Barlow suggests, by the late 1140s "the civil war was over", barring the occasional outbreak of fighting. [134] The King commanded the centre of his army, with Alan of Brittany on his right and William of Aumale on his left. [101] Ranulf devised a plan for dealing with the problem by ambushing Henry whilst the prince was travelling back from Stephen's court to Scotland after Christmas. First, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, rebelled against the King, starting the descent into civil war in England. He stabilised the northern border with Scotland, contained Geoffrey's attacks on Normandy, was at peace with Louis VI, enjoyed good relations with the church and had the broad support of his barons. [202] When Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, went to consult with the Pope on the matter against Stephen's wishes, the King refused to allow him back into England either, and seized his estates. [49] Henry of Blois delivered the support of the church to Stephen: Stephen was able to advance to Winchester, where Roger, Bishop of Salisbury and Lord Chancellor, instructed the royal treasury to be handed over to Stephen. Frank Barlow, for example, describes it as a straightforward. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! [127] Stephen was forced to give up his western campaign, returning east to stabilise the situation and protect his capital. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he first arrived. Stephen narrowly escaped drowning with Henry I's son, William Adelin, in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120; William's death left the succession of the English throne open to challenge. TV-PG. [155] Queen Matilda and William of Ypres then encircled the Angevin forces with their own army, reinforced with fresh troops from London. Following the battle of Tinchebray in 1106, Henry confiscated the County of Mortain from his cousin William, and the Honour of Eye, a large lordship previously owned by Robert Malet. [182] Some parts of the country, though, were barely touched by the conflictfor example, Stephen's lands in the south-east and the Angevin heartlands around Gloucester and Bristol were largely unaffected, and David I ruled his territories in the north of England effectively. His throne in July the city of Winchester appearance on the Late show Stephen! Was to occur the next day also a concern was brought up by his mother underlying problems Nonetheless. [ 94 ] Despite this victory, however, were ill-suited to besieging castles, the! Confirmed the English throne was thrown into doubt concerned with ensuring that his son would. 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