Last month, at the 23rd anniversary of the downfall of the Dergue regime, Prime Minister Hailemariam declared that Ethiopias have become food self-sufficient at national level with annual production of major crops reaching 25 million tones (250 million Quintals). Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports) The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, 2018). Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Ethiopia's most promising resource is its agricultural land. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Why poverty? It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. Abstract. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. . Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). Underlying causes of land degradation may include among others; migration, farmland shortages, and poverty which forces people to go into unsustainable land practices (Nkonya et al., 2011). Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). ILRI. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agriculture. The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. Want to see the full answer? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. Table 9. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. Data on export values of major agricultural exports, exchange rate, gross domestic product and labour force were obtained from FAO, while data on total export and total import values were collected from the annual report of the National Bank of Ethiopia. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. Figure 1. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. What is Ethiopia weakness? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. 36 likes 22,568 views. Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. Table 4. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Mart. Your email address will not be published. Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. 6 What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., 2008). It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., 2010). For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Ethiopia encompasses a wide variety of agroecologies and peoples. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, 2010). By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. (. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. The author received no direct funding for this research. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. . The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. Farmers achieve greater quality and quantity of production by shifting from a reliance on chemical inputs to a holistic, integrated approach based on agroecology. 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? Required fields are marked *. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). These led to soil fertility depletion and crop productivity reduction in the country by different soil degradation agents. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? However, the expected level was not achieved. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., 2019). The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., 2019). However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, 2020). Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). Nov. 13, 2009. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Science Business. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, 2017). It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming.

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