Security officials reportedly searched homes without a warrant. According to the law, political parties may not receive direct or indirect financial or material support from any foreign parties. The law provides detainees the right to see an attorney for 30 minutes if the time in detention has been extended beyond the initial 48-hour period. Algeria uses five-digit postal codes. Several opposition political parties claimed voter turnout figures were inflated and that the results were fraudulent. In September a group of military veterans organized a protest in Algiers, prompting a crackdown by authorities. The law affirms the religiously based practice of allowing a man to marry as many as four wives. The law limits the grounds for pretrial detention and stipulates that before it can be imposed, a judge must assess the gravity of a crime and whether the accused is a threat to society or a flight risk. Authorities enter the medical certificate into the detainees file. The remote location of the camps and lack of government presence resulted in a lack of access by police and courts. The DGSNs human rights office, created in July 2017, reported that it was leading seminars and workshops with the National Human Rights Council to provide additional human rights training to its officers. U.S. exports to Algeria totaled $1.2 billion in 2005, an increase of more than 50% since 2003. The governments actions included harassment of some critics; arbitrary enforcement of vaguely worded laws; informal pressure on publishers, editors, advertisers, and journalists; and control of an estimated 20 percent of the countrys advertising money and printing capabilities. According to the ministry, organizations receive a receipt after submitting their application for accreditation, and after the time periods listed above, this slip is legally sufficient for them to begin operating, to open a bank account, and to rent office or event space. In February the Ministry for National Solidarity, Family, and Women and UN Women launched an administrative database, named AMANE, to collect information on violence against women. Presidential term limits, which were eliminated in 2008, were reintroduced in the 2016 revision of the constitution and limit the president to two five-year terms. Oxford University Press, New York, 1951. There was no evidence of any pattern of discrimination toward asylum applicants, but the lack of a formal asylum system made this difficult to assess. Few businesses abided by the law requiring that they reserve 1 percent of jobs for persons with disabilities. Once registered, organizations must inform the government of their activities, funding sources, and personnel, including notification of personnel changes. UNHCR, the World Food Program (WFP), UNICEF, the Algerian Red Crescent, the Sahrawi Red Crescent, and other organizations assisted Sahrawi refugees. In 2016 the government established an anticybercrime agency charged with coordinating anticybercrime efforts and engaging in preventive surveillance of electronic communications in the interests of national security. Independent Monitoring: The government allowed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and local human rights observers to visit prisons and detention centers. departments of France. At the end of March, the distributor received a notification from the Ministry of Communication to stop importingJeune Afriqueand other titles published by Jeune Afrique Media Group (The Africa ReportandLa Revue). According to the decree, importers must submit to the ministry the title, authors name, editors name, edition, year, International Standard Book Number, and number of copies to be imported. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. With lower oil prices since 2014, Algerias foreign exchange reserves have declined by more than half and its oil stabilization fund has decreased from about $20 billion at the end of 2013 to about $7 billion in 2017, which is the statutory minimum. NGOs reported that the government did not enforce payment of fines for failing to abide by the law. Tamanghasset to Tamanrasset. However, the French language has continued to occupy an The confederation also included migrants working in the country. The committee brought together various government and civil society actors to discuss implementation of the national strategy to combat HIV/AIDS. Since then, it has re-organized twice. Constantine, and Oran, after their capitals. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women said 60 percent of the recipients of government microcredit loans for small businesses were women. List of Algerian provinces by area This article has been translated from the School administrators must allow migrant and refugee children to enroll in primary school through high school and require only that they present their passport and documentation showing their level of schooling from their home country. The courts are empowered to dissolve unions that engage in illegal activities. The government may restrict strikes on a number of grounds, including economic crisis, obstruction of public services, or the possibility of subversive actions. II, United Nations, New )other: 81.8% (2018 est. The departments were divided into arrondissements, as shown below. Section II. )transmission/distribution losses: 9.897 billion kWh (2019 est. Due to this law, after the legislative elections of 2012, women held approximately 32 percent of seats (146 out of 462) in the National Peoples Congress. )permanent pasture: 13.8% (2018 est. )hydroelectricity: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. wilaya). Attempts by new unions to form federations or confederations suffered similar challenges. )$71.796 billion (31 December 2019 est. FraudLabsPro.com 70-3-30A D'Piazza Mall, Jalan Mahsuri, 11950 Bayan Baru, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Judges rarely refused prosecutorial requests to extend pretrial detention. The Tellian and Saharan Atlas Mountain ranges cross the country from east to west, dividing it into three zones. Presidential elections took place in 2014, and voters re-elected President Abdelaziz Bouteflika for a fourth term. At the same time, legal foreign workers principally from China and Egypt came to work in Algeria's construction and oil sectors. The Polisario (through the Sahrawi Red Crescent Society), UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF, and partner NGOs provided basic services including food aid, primary health care, and primary and secondary education, while the government invested heavily in developing the camps infrastructure and also provided free secondary and university educations, as well as advanced hospital care, to Sahrawi refugees. The decision was in response to previous leaks of exam materials, which were posted on social media. The government generally cooperated with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to refugees, asylum seekers, and other persons of concern. See the Department of StatesTrafficking in Persons Reportatwww.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/. Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)major-language sample(s): (Arabic)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. )$11,600 (2019 est. The law additionally prohibits local periodicals from receiving direct or indirect material support from foreign sources. Other Algerians headed to Europe seeking asylum, although France imposed restrictions. The resulting division was as shown below. ISO followed suit on 2007-11-28 with ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Number I-9. Authorities normally awarded custody of children to the mother, but she may not make decisions about education or take the children out of the country without the fathers authorization. NGOs reported instances in which unaccompanied migrant female youth were exploited as domestic workers and were known to be loaned out to families for extended periods to work in homes or exploited as prostitutes. Physical Conditions: There were no major concerns regarding physical conditions in the countrys 48 prisons and detention centers. For the first two thirds of the 20th century, Algeria's high fertility rate caused its population to grow rapidly. Unions have the right to form and join federations or confederations, and the government recognized four confederations. Married women under 18 may not travel abroad without permission from their husbands, but married women older than 18 may do so. Abuse of Migrants, Refugees, and Stateless Persons: In June the Associated Press (AP) reported that the government had forced an estimated 13,000 migrants over the previous 14 months to walk from Guezzam, Algeria, to Assamakka, Niger as part of the repatriation process. The law stipulates that detainees should immediately be able to contact a family member and receive a visit, or to contact an attorney. Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights, Section 6. Importers of books covering the national movement and the Algerian Revolution must submit the entire text of the books for review, including a secondary review by the Ministry of the Moudjahidine (veterans of the Revolution). )imports of goods and services: -35.8% (2017 est. In a divorce, the law provides for the wife to retain the familys home until the children reach age 18. Various international humanitarian organizations and observers criticized the operations, citing unacceptable conditions of transport, primarily on the Niger side of the border, and what they described as a lack of coordination among the Algerian Red Crescent, the government of Niger, and the Red Cross of Niger. civil territories grew at the expense of the military territories. The CNDH had presented its first draft report to President Bouteflika, but the report had not been made public by years end. By law workers may strike only after 14 days of mandatory conciliation or mediation. )other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The law requires parties to ensure that at least 30 percent of the candidates on their electoral lists are women. )expenditures: 70.2 billion (2017 est. Copyright 2000, 2001, 2003-2006, 2011, 2013-2015 by Gwillim Law. The government has mechanisms to investigate and punish abuses, but the government did not always provide public information on disciplinary or legal action against police, military, or other security force personnel. According to statistics provided in September, the Ministry of Justices General Directorate for Prison Administration and Resettlement (DGAPR) had responsibility for approximately 63,000 prisoners. The subdivisions were to the On 2014-10-29, ISO 3166-2 made the same spelling change. into the entities shown in this table (dep = department, div = division, arr = arrondissement, sub = subdivision). The ILO tried to visit during the year but had to cancel the visit when the government was unable to guarantee that they would be able to meet with independent trade unions. Authorities arrested Fekhar in 2015 and held him for 22 months without a trial. The Algerian Red Crescent, which is subordinate to the Ministry of Solidarity, maintained welcome facilities that provided food and shelter for those Syrians without means to support themselves. Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia, total: 2,381,740 sq kmland: 2,381,740 sq kmwater: 0 sq km, slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas, total: 6,734 kmborder countries (6): Libya 989 km; Mali 1,359 km; Mauritania 460 km; Morocco 1,941 km; Niger 951 km; Tunisia 1,034 km, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm, arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer, mostly high plateau and desert; Atlas Mountains in the far north and Hoggar Mountains in the south; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain, highest point: Tahat 2,908 mlowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 mmean elevation: 800 m, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc, agricultural land: 17.4% (2018 est. Arrested individuals reported that authorities held them for four to eight hours before releasing them without charges. )$471.223 billion (2020 est. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions. the same name, with a status nominally equal to the departments of European France. Religious texts distributed without authorization may be seized and destroyed. Police typically dispersed protesters shortly after a protest began and arrested and detained organizers for a few hours. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. An NGO reported that LGBTI men were targeted more often than are women. The appeal must be filed within three days of the order. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, 2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process, Section 4. administration, the country was divided into dpartements (departments), which were subdivided into arrondissements, The law criminalizes statements denigrating Islam or insulting the Prophet Muhammed or messengers of God. In 2016 police in Setif arrested Slimane Bouhafs, a Christian convert, for posting statements on his Facebook page questioning the morals of the Prophet Muhammed. Unlicensed NGOs remained active, but rarely received government assistance, and citizens at times hesitated to associate with these organizations. Amnesty International alleged that authorities sometimes detained individuals on security-related charges for longer than the 12-day prescribed period. ), $11,000 (2021 est. Nevertheless, the UGTA remained the only union authorized to negotiate collective bargaining agreements. Human rights activists said police sometimes used excessive force against suspects, including protestors. codes were assigned to those departments whose names had changed. Although the constitution provides for freedom of peaceful assembly and association, the government severely restricted the exercise of these rights. The average woman's age at first marriage increased from about 19 in the mid-1950s to 24 in the mid-1970s to 30.5 in the late 1990s. Employees who worked longer than the standard workweek received premium pay on a sliding scale from time-and-a-half to double time, depending on whether the overtime occurred on a normal workday, a weekend, or a holiday. By law ISPs face criminal penalties for the material and websites they host, especially if subject matters are incompatible with morality or public opinion. The Ministries of Justice, Interior, and Post, Information Technology, and Communication have oversight responsibilities. It requires national-level civil organizations to apply to the Ministry of Interior for permission to operate. The center The law prohibits discrimination by employers against union members and organizers and provides mechanisms for resolving trade union complaints of antiunion practices by employers. Several hundred international election observers from the United Nations, Arab League, African Union, and Organization of Islamic Cooperation monitored voting. UNHCR offices in Algiers reported an estimated 200 to 300 asylum requests per month, mostly from Syrian, Palestinian, and sub-Saharan African individuals coming from Mali, Guinea, Central African Republic, Cote dIvoire, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The government provided disability benefits to persons with disabilities who registered. Nevertheless, the law prohibits unions from associating with political parties and receiving funds from foreign sources. Prison sentences for rape range from five to 10 years, and authorities generally enforced the law. ), total subscriptions: 45,555,673 (2020 est. Although several total petroleum systems may exist within the Illizi Province, only one composite total petroleum system is identified. A person released from custody following a dismissal or acquittal may apply to a civil commission to seek compensation from the government for particular and particularly severe harm caused by pretrial detention. The law provides for criminal penalties of two to 10 years in prison for official corruption, but the government did not fully implement the law. 1959-11-07: Aumale and Bougie departments abolished and restored to their original departments, except that The capital city of a baladiyah, made the national language. The government requires employers to declare their employees to the Ministry of Labor and to pay social security benefits. $487.716 billion (2021 est. U.S. imports from Algeria grew from $4.7 billion in 2002 to $10.8 billion in 2005, primarily in oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG). )116.594 (2018 est. If mediation does not lead to an agreement, workers may strike legally after they vote by secret ballot to do so. President of the Constitutional Council Mourad Medelci announced voter participation in the elections was just under 51 percent, a sharp drop from the slightly more than 74 percent turnout during the previous presidential election in 2009. BOUTEFLIKA resigned in April 2019, and in December 2019, Algerians elected former Prime Minister Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE as the country's new president. During a media interview, Omar Belhouchet, the editor ofEl Watan, an independent daily newspaper, said that media companies self-censor regarding certain topics. Foreign observers from the African Union, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and Arab League characterized the elections as largely well organized and conducted without significant problems on election day. The 89 organizations were given formal notices to abide by the law. The government used specific facilities for prisoners age 27 and younger. In January 2018 the government imposed an indefinite suspension on the importation of roughly 850 products, subject to periodic review. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1981. Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes, Journal Officiel de la Rpublique Although this accreditation is required to operate legally, the vast majority of foreign media were not accredited. Leaders of womens organizations reported that discrimination was common and women were less likely to receive equal pay for equal work or promotions. ), general assessment: Algeria has a steadily developing telecom infrastructure with growth encouraged by supportive regulatory measures and by government policies aimed at delivering serviceable internet connections across the country; mobile broadband is largely based on 3G and LTE, and the data rates are also low in global terms; LTE is available in all provinces, investment is required from the mobile network operators (MNOs) to improve the quality of service; the state has previously been hesitant to commit to 5G, instead encouraging the MNOs to undertake upgrades to LTE infrastructure before investing in commercial 5G services; in March 2022, the state is in the process of freeing up the requisite spectrum to enable the MNOs to launch 5G services sometime this year; fixed internet speeds remain slow (2022)domestic: a limited network of fixed-lines with a teledensity of slightly less than 11 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; mobile-cellular teledensity was approximately 104 telephones per 100 persons in 2020 (2020)international: country code - 213;ALPAL-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the Mediterranean Sea linking Algeria and the Spanish Balearic island of Majorca;ORVAL is a submarine cable to Spain; landing points for the TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/SeaMeWe-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; MED cable connecting Algeria with France;microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia;Algeria part of the 4,500 Km terrestrial Trans Sahara Backbone network which connects to other fiber networks in the region; Alcomstat-1 satellite offering telemedicine network (2020)note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services, state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations, total: 27,626,157 (2020 est. Discrimination: Although the constitution provides for gender equality, aspects of the law and traditional social practices discriminated against women. WebTamanrasset Province's largest state in Algeria. Most major opposition parties lost seats in the elections, and several parties claimed the results were significantly altered by fraud. )agricultural: 6.671 billion cubic meters (2017 est. A coalition of Islamic and secular opposition parties boycotted the election, describing it as a masquerade and asserting that President Bouteflika was unfit to run due to his health. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including: b. The military territory was divided into three Security forces routinely detained individuals who participated in unauthorized protests. No new trade unions were registered between January and September, and the government said it did not receive any applications. During the year, the CNDH organized seminars and workshops on topics such as penitentiary reform and trafficking in persons. Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The government provided a subsidy for divorced women whose former husbands failed to make child support payments. The Ministry of Justice said cell sizes exceeded international standards set by the United Nations Nelson Mandela Rules. See the Department of StatesInternational Religious Freedom Reportatwww.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/. Foreign Travel: The constitution states that the right to enter and exit the country is provided to citizens. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 4,100 bbl/day (2018 est. FIS membership is illegal. The constitution provides for the right of peaceful assembly, but the government continued to curtail this right. Local and international NGOs asserted that police impunity was a problem. 1845-04-24: By ordinance, Algeria was divided into three provinces. The president serves as the president of the High Judicial Council, which is responsible for the appointment, transfer, promotion, and discipline of judges. The country has ratified the International Labor Organizations (ILO) conventions on freedom of association and collective bargaining but failed to enact legislation needed to implement these conventions fully. Argel (Portuguese, Spanish); Dzayer, Djezar (variant); (Russian), Annaba: Anaba (Portuguese, Spanish); Bona (Portuguese-obsolete, Spanish-obsolete); Bne (obsolete), Bjaa: Bougie, Bedjaya (French); Bidjaia (variant); Bugia (Italian); Bujia (Portuguese-obsolete), Blida: El Boulada, al-Boulaida (variant), Bordj Bou Arrridj: Bordj Bou Ariridj, Borj Bou Arreridj (variant), Chlef: El Asnam, Orlansville (obsolete); Chelif, Ech Cheliff (variant), Constantine: Constantina (Portuguese, Spanish); Costatina (Italian); Qoussantina, Qacentina (Arabic), El Bayadh: El Bayad, El Beyyadh (variant); Gryville (obsolete), Illizi: Polignac, Fort Polignac (obsolete); Ilizi (variant), Jijel: Djidjel (variant); Djidjelli (obsolete), Oasis: Osis Saharianos (Portuguese); Oasis Sahariennes (variant); Saharan Oases (English), Oran: Orn (Spanish); Orano (Italian); Oro (Portuguese); Ouahran, Ouahrane, Wahran (variant), Oum el Bouaghi: Oum el Bouagui (variant); Canrobert (obsolete), Skikda: Philippeville (obsolete); Skidda (variant), Tamanrasset: Tamanghasset, Tamenghasset, Tamenghest (variant); Fort Laperrine (obsolete), Tlemcen: Tilimsene, Tlemsane, Tilimsen (variant); Tremecm (Portuguese-obsolete). Censorship or Content Restrictions: Some major news outlets faced direct and indirect retaliation for criticism of the government. 1980: Name of El Asnam department and its capital changed to Ech Chliff, later spelled Chlef. Alger: Algeri (Italian); Algiers (English); Algier (Danish, German); al-Jazair, al-Djazair, El Djazar (Arabic); Representatives of the National Autonomous Union for Public Administration Personnel (SNAPAP) stated that the union continued to function without official status. ), 18.52 births/1,000 population (2022 est. The law does not adequately cover migrant workers employed primarily in construction and as domestic workers. According to UNHCR, the government did not accept UNHCR-determined refugee status for individuals. The law also provides for the creation of independent unions, although the unions membership must account for at least 20 percent of an enterprises workforce. The law prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities, although the government did not always effectively enforce these provisions. )investment in inventories: 11.2% (2017 est. The law does not place significant restrictions on voter registration, but implementation of voter registration and identification laws proved inconsistent and confusing during past elections. The repatriations were conducted in coordination with consular officials from the countries of origin of the migrants, but the migrants were not permitted to challenge their removal. In July, Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights (LADDH) and 15 representatives from other NGOs gathered at a hotel in Oran to discuss migration. The government said that a drop in aid from international donors led to worsening conditions for Sahrawi refugees, and that it had increased its own contributions as a result. The provinces later became divisions. )consumption: 66.646 billion kWh (2019 est. On July 13, the Ministry of Justice removed a public prosecutor and his deputy from a court in Boudouaou for their alleged involvement in the legal proceedings following the discovery of 701 kilograms of cocaine in the port of Oran on May 29. After Media reporting and public opinion viewed the absence of charges against the most senior of government officials as an indication of impunity for government officials. The list of essential services included banking, radio, and television. Since the subdivision Detainees Ability to Challenge Lawfulness of Detention before a Court: The Code of Criminal Procedure grants the right to appeal a courts order of pretrial detention. Activists reported that some postings on social media could result in arrest and questioning; observers widely understood that the intelligence services closely monitored the activities of political and human rights activists on social media sites, including Facebook. The southern border has been clearly defined, but the southern Algiers, the capital and most populous city is located in the far north of the country. LGBTI activists reported that the vague wording of laws criminalizing homosexual acts and acts against nature permitted sweeping accusations that resulted in multiple arrests for consensual same-sex sexual relations, but no known prosecutions during the year. )crude oil estimated reserves: 12.2 billion barrels (2021 est. This table shows the resulting subdivision of Algeria. These shelters assisted with approximately 220 cases of violence against women during the year. The law permits unions to affiliate with international labor bodies and develop relations with foreign labor groups. The law requires the director of the publication to hold Algerian citizenship. The law does not permit those under age 18 to travel abroad without a guardians permission. The government said pretrial detainees were normally held in cellblocks separate from those that housed the general prison population. Should the detention be overturned, the defendant has the right to request compensation. The Ministry of Interior may deny a license to or dissolve any group regarded as a threat to the governments authority or to public order, and on several occasions failed to grant, in an expeditious fashion, official recognition to NGOs, associations, religious groups, and political parties. In these cases, authorities permit the arrested person to contact a lawyer after half of the extended time has expired. Coercion in Population Control: There were no reports of coerced abortion or involuntary sterilization. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, d. Discrimination with Respect to Employment and Occupation, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. )126.777 (2020 est. Corruption remained a problem, and officials sometimes engaged in corrupt practices with impunity. The law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their care to marry against the minors will. The penal code prohibits the detention of suspects in any facilities not designated for that purpose and declared to the local prosecutor, who has the right to visit such facilities at any time. The law does not extend antidiscrimination protections to LGBTI persons based on of sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics. The International Trade Union Confederation reported that judicial persecution of trade union leaders had intensified. ), total: 21% (2020 est. )consumption: 46,945,035,000 cubic meters (2019 est. The law provides sentences of six months to five years in prison and fines between DZD 50,000 and DZD 500,000 ($425 and $4,252) for users who do not comply with the law, including the obligation to cooperate with law enforcement authorities against cybercrime. The first two digits are the same as the two-digit ISO province code. Many organizations reported that they never received a deposit slip and that even with the receipt; it was difficult to conduct necessary administrative tasks without formal accreditation. The constitution grants the president authority to appoint all prosecutors and judges. The Ministry of Labor audited 218 organizations and found that 89 companies did not respect the 1-percent quota. A variety of domestic human rights groups operated with varying degrees of government restriction and cooperation. Individuals may bring lawsuits, and administrative processes related to amnesty may provide damages to the victims or their families for human rights violations and compensation for alleged wrongs. ), total: 28.9 yearsmale: 28.6 yearsfemale: 29.3 years (2020 est. )tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Official websites use .gov. 1974-06: Fifteen departments reorganized to form thirty-one. According to human rights activists, citizens widely believed the government conducted frequent electronic surveillance of a range of citizens, including political opponents, journalists, human rights groups, and suspected terrorists. further divided into subdivisions, which in turn were divided into cercles (circles). Authorities generally transferred pretrial detainees, after presenting them before the prosecutor, to prisons rather than holding them in separate detention facilities. Algeria became independent in 1962. The decision to strike must be approved by majority vote of workers at a general meeting. The ministry did not renew the accreditations of the NGOs SOS Disparus (SOS Disappeared), Djazairouna, the LADDH, the National Association for the Fight Against Corruption, and the Youth Action Movement, all of which submitted their renewal applications in prior years. During the year the DGSN conducted nine training sessions on human rights, including for all new cadets. which in turn were subdivided into communes. The government did not permit young men eligible for the draft who had not completed their military service to leave the country without special authorization. The Ministry of Culture can also require a full content review of books on other topics if it chooses. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. The Sahrawi refugees had not sought local integration or naturalization during their 40-year stay in the refugee camps near Tindouf, and the Polisario Front continued to call for a referendum on independence in Western Sahara. )119.354 (2019 est. It reported the discovery of four minorsdown from 12 the year before. Unions may recruit members at the workplace. He was charged with sharing intelligence with a foreign power.. According to AP reports, some migrants died during the 20-kilometer desert march. )imports: 85,000 metric tons (2020 est. The reversal in fertility could represent a temporary fluctuation in marriage age or, less likely, a decrease in the steady rate of contraceptive use. Opposition candidate Benflis rejected the results and claimed that fraud marred the elections. Political Parties and Political Participation: The Ministry of Interior must approve political parties before they may operate legally. Penalties for violations of the rights of union members range from fines of DZD 10,000-50,000 ($85-$425) for first offenses or DZD 50,000-100,000 ($425-$850) and 30 days-six months in prison for repeat offenses. )male: 41.3% (2020 est. Tbessa arrondissement restored from Batna to Bne. Prosecutors may apply to a judge to extend the period before arrested individuals can have access to an attorney. Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining, b. WebAccording to a 2018 report by the IOM, Algeria has expelled 35,600 Nigeriens to Niger since 2014more than 12,000 in 2018as well as more than 8,000 migrants from other African In 2002-02, a constitutional amendment recognized Tamazigh (the written language of the largest Berber group) ), 12.7% (2021 est. The law does not differentiate between girls and boys in registration of birth. The administrative division into departments and territories was based on French practice. In September the Ministry of Communication stated there were 268 accredited written publications. In the 2000s, a wave of educated Algerians went abroad seeking skilled jobs in a wider range of destinations, increasing their presence in North America and Spain. Foreign observers characterized the elections as largely peaceful but pointed to low voter turnout and a high rate of ballot invalidity. The Ministry of Labor is responsible for enforcing child labor laws and refers violators to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution. The law mandates that online news outlets must inform the government of their activities but does not require them to request authorization to operate. The Ministry of Justice did not provide information on the percentage of defamation claims that originated from private citizens, as opposed to government officials. The law also stipulates the collection of resources from contributions by the partys members, donations, and revenue from its activities, in addition to possible state funding. According to the law, police must obtain a summons from the prosecutors office to require a suspect to appear in a police station for preliminary questioning. provinces. It changes the spelling of one province from ), 112 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est. The person must submit an application for compensation within six months of the dismissal or acquittal. Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government, Section 5. 1960-12-03: Six new arrondissements created in Oasis department; two new arrondissements created in Saoura department. Police arrested protesters throughout the year for violating the law against unregistered public gatherings. The Ministry of Interior did not provide domestic or foreign observers with voter registration lists. ~1962: Name of Bne department changed to Annaba. )110.973 (2017 est. In-country Movement: The constitution provides citizens the right to freely choose their place of residence and to move throughout the national territory. The government requires that foreign diplomats and private sector personnel have armed security escorts from the government should members of these groups travel outside of Algiers wilaya (province), El-Oued, and Illizi, near hydrocarbon industry installations and the Libyan border, respectively. [9] Encyclopdia Britannica World Atlas, 1957 edition. There were no significant reports regarding prison or detention center conditions that raised human rights concerns. Since 2014, Algerias reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of declining oil prices. Academics and activists said that sub-Saharan African migrants sometimes faced discrimination and that there were tensions in some communities between the native and migrant populations. Intelligence activities fall under three intelligence directorates reporting to a presidential national security counselor and performing functions related specifically to internal, external, and technical security. Algeria is a multiparty republic whose president, the head of state, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. )-$18.187 billion (2020 est. The government said that it maintained a policy of not removing migrants registered with UNHCR, and that in a few cases it worked with UNHCR to return registered refugees who were mistakenly removed. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. The law requires that workers obtain government approval to form a union, and the Ministry of Labor must approve or disapprove a union application within 30 days. Foreign observers characterized the 2017 legislative elections as largely well organized and conducted without significant problems on election day, but noted a lack of transparency in vote-counting procedures.

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